Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic autoimmune disorder that affects the central nervous system, including the brain, spinal cord, and optic nerves. There are several types of MS, each with its own characteristics and treatment approaches. The main types of MS in the UK are:
1. Relapsing-remitting MS (RRMS)
– The most common form, characterised by periods of relapses (flare-ups) and remissions (partial or complete recovery).
– Treatment typically involves disease-modifying therapies (DMTs) to reduce the frequency and severity of relapses.
2. Secondary progressive MS (SPMS)
– Often develops from RRMS, where disability accumulates over time with or without relapses.
– DMTs may be used, along with symptomatic treatments.
3. Primary progressive MS (PPMS)
– Characterised by a gradual worsening of symptoms from the onset without distinct relapses or remissions.
– Treatment options are limited, but some DMTs and symptomatic treatments may be used.
4. Progressive relapsing MS (PRMS)
– A relatively rare form characterised by a steady worsening of symptoms from the onset with acute relapses.
– DMTs and symptomatic treatments may be used.
The treatment of MS in the UK involves a combination of disease-modifying therapies (DMTs) and symptomatic treatments, depending on the type of MS and individual factors.
Disease-modifying therapies (DMTs)
These medications aim to reduce the frequency and severity of relapses, slow disease progression and prevent disability accumulation. Some commonly used DMTs in the UK include:
– Injectable DMTs: Interferons (e.g., Avonex, Rebif, Betaferon) and glatiramer acetate (Copaxone).
– Oral DMTs: Teriflunomide (Aubagio), dimethyl fumarate (Tecfidera), fingolimod (Gilenya), and cladribine (Mavenclad).
– Infusion DMTs: Natalizumab (Tysabri), ocrelizumab (Ocrevus), ofatumumab (Kesimpta), and alemtuzumab (Lemtrada).
Symptomatic treatments
These medications and therapies are used to manage specific symptoms and improve the quality of life for individuals with MS. Some examples include:
– Medications for spasticity (e.g., baclofen, tizanidine, gabapentin).
– Medications for bladder dysfunction (e.g., oxybutynin, solifenacin).
– Medications for fatigue (e.g., amantadine, modafinil).
– Medications for pain (e.g., non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, antidepressants, anticonvulsants).
– Physical therapy and occupational therapy for mobility and daily activities.
– Cognitive rehabilitation for cognitive impairments.
– Psychological support and counseling.
It’s important to note that treatment plans are individualised based on the type of MS, disease activity, response to treatment and overall health status. Regular follow-up with a neurologist and a multidisciplinary healthcare team is essential for managing MS effectively in the UK.